An analysis of swing factors when taking either an uphill or downhill stroke [Not invited]
Daisuke Ichikawa; Takeru Suzuki; Tateo Inoue; Hideyo Nishigai; John Patrick Sheahan; Isao Okuda
9th World Scientific Congress of Golf 2018/07 Poster presentation Abbotsford, British Columbia University of the Fraser Valley (CAN)
Professional golfers are thought to train repetitively for the purpose of mastering a fixed swing style that they can rely upon regardless of changes in conditions when taking a stroke. However, there is no research found that shows that professional golfers actually aren't changing their swing according to the conditions in which the stroke is being taken. There is also no guarantee that they always self-consciously make minor adjustments to all swings to adapt to a change in conditions. It is also unclear how much influence a change in conditions, namely the perception of information has on a golf swing. In this study club head behavior near the point of impact in professional golfers’ strokes was compared in differing uphill and downhill conditions. The purpose of the study is to verify through scientific investigation of attack angle, dynamic loft, launch angle and club path, how perception of taking an uphill or downhill stroke influences swing factors. Methods: Subjects consisted of 52 Japanese male professional golfers who are A-grade members of the Professional Golfers Association of Japan. The study was conducted at Maoi Golf Resort Driving Range (Hokkaido, Japan). The driving range length was over 330m between the tees meaning there was no risk that a drive taken either direction would reach the opposite tee. Furthermore, there was a height difference of 30m between the tees. Tests were conducted facing both the uphill and downhill slopes. However, the place of the stroke was horizontally level with only the ground between the stroke and the target being uneven. The clubs used were each individual’s own driver. 3 uphill and 3 downhill strokes (6 strokes) were analyzed for data. Participants were only instructed which direction to hit the ball and to use their natural swing. No other instructions were given. Before taking the measured strokes the participants were allowed between 10 and 50 strokes as per their preference, as warming up. In order to avoid polarization due to protocol where possible, half the participants began with 3 uphill strokes followed by 3 downhill strokes and the other half began with 3 downhill strokes followed by 3 uphill strokes. After taking the first 3 strokes the participants were transported to the opposite end where they would take the final 3 strokes by a cart. This allowed the total testing time to be completed within 30mins. Trajectory measurement was conducted using TrackMan (TrackMan A/S, Denmark) with attack angle, dynamic loft, launch angle, and club path as the measurement criteria. Participants could visually check the ball trajectory but were not given any measurement feedback. Statistical analysis was carried out a paired t-test using software SPSS 24.0, IBM, JAPAN with significance set at < 5%. Results: Table 1 shows the uphill and downhill data obtained from TrackMan. Attack Angle, Dynamic Loft, Launch Angle, and Club Path in the uphill stroke were 3.32 ± 2.59deg, 16.16 ± 2.72deg, 16.16 ± 2.73deg, and -2.13 ± 2.42 respectively, which were all significantly larger than in the downhill stroke. Discussion: In this study we scientifically investigated how influence perception of the shot environment being either uphill or downhill has on swing factors. The results showed that there was a significant difference in all 4 measured criteria. Attack angle, Dynamic loft and Launch angle, which are all related to obtaining ball height, were all significantly shown to be trying to attain higher ball elevation in the uphill stroke compared to the downhill stroke. This result suggests that even though professional golfers consciously may be trying to use the same swing form in uphill and downhill conditions as they would in flat conditions, self-consciousness automatically adjusts the swing which in turn influences the swing factors. In this study we did not measure shot accuracy left and right of the target. Therefore, we do not know if the adjustment in form has a positive influence on ball direction. Also, we do not know if this swing adjustment is also more or less prominent in beginner and intermediate level golfers. Due to the measurements being taken outdoors, we were not able to take more precise movement data so further research is necessary.